Binciken nau'ikan kayan aiki da halaye da suka dace da fasahar kashe laser

I. Kayan ƙarfe masu ƙarfe (a halin yanzu ana amfani da su sosai)

1. Karfe mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da kuma mai yawan carbon (ƙarfin carbon 0.3% ~0.8%), kayan aiki na yau da kullun:

ƙarfe 45 (ƙarfe mai matsakaicin carbon mai inganci), wanda aka sanya masa suna S45C a cikin ƙa'idodin JIS, ASTM 1045/080M46, da DIN C45, ƙarfe ne mai inganci na tsarin carbon wanda ke da waɗannan sinadaran: 0.42-0.50% carbon (C), 0.17-0.37% silicon (Si), 0.50-0.80% manganese (Mn), da ≤0.25% chromium (Cr). Wannan kayan aiki mai amfani yana nuna kyakkyawan aiki mai sanyi/zafi, kyawawan halayen injiniya, inganci mai kyau, da kuma samuwa mai faɗi, wanda hakan ya sa ake amfani da shi sosai a aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Duk da haka, babban iyakancewarsa yana cikin ƙarancin taurarewa, wanda hakan ya sa bai dace da kayan ƙera da ke buƙatar manyan girma na giciye ko ƙa'idodi masu daidaito ba.

ƙarfe T8: Karfe ne na kayan aikin carbon na eutectoid wanda ke nuna tauri da juriyar lalacewa bayan an kashe shi da kuma an rage zafi, kodayake yana da iyakoki ciki har da ƙarancin tauri mai zafi, rashin tauri mai kyau, da kuma sauƙin kamuwa da nakasar da ke faruwa yayin aikin injin. Wannan kayan ya bi ƙa'idodin jerin GB/T 1298, wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin carbon tsakanin 0.75% da 0.84%, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da ƙera na'urorin rage sanyi masu sauƙi da kayan aikin yankewa. Tsarin kashewa yana buƙatar sanyaya ruwa a zafin 780-800℃°C, yayin da dumama sama da 250℃°C yana tabbatar da daidaiton girma. Duk da haka, ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar juriyar nauyin tasiri ba.

Karfe Mn 65: Samfurin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi sosai bayan an yi amfani da shi wajen magance zafi da kuma taurarewar zane mai sanyi, yana ba da sassauci da kuma ƙarfin aiki. A ƙarƙashin yanayin saman iri ɗaya da kuma taurarewa gaba ɗaya, iyakar gajiyarsa ta yi daidai da ta maɓuɓɓugan ƙarfe masu launuka biyar. Duk da haka, saboda rashin ƙarfin taurarewa, ana amfani da shi galibi ga ƙananan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu daidaita matsi/gudu, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu auna ƙarfi, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zagaye/kusurwoyi masu kusurwa huɗu na injiniya, ko maɓuɓɓugan ƙarfe masu zana waya don ƙananan injina. Tasirin Taurare: Taurarewar saman ya kai 55-65 HRC tare da zurfin Layer mai taurare 0.2 ~ 1.5mm, yana nuna tsarin martensitic iri ɗaya da ingantaccen juriya ga lalacewa (misali, tsawon lokacin sawa na ƙarfe 45 yana ƙaruwa sau 4-6 bayan an kashe shi). Ya dace da gears, fil, da sassan shaft. Tsarin: Isasshen abun ciki na carbon yana samar da wadataccen martensite, wanda ke yin cikakken austenitization yayin dumama laser cikin sauri kuma yana cimma cikakken canjin lokaci ta hanyar kashe kansa.

2. Karfe mai tsari (ƙara Cr, Ni, Mo da sauran abubuwa), kayan aiki na yau da kullun:

40Cr: (40Cr yana ƙarƙashin rukunin "ƙarfe mai tsari na ƙarfe" kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin GB3077. Wannan ƙarfe yana ɗauke da kashi 0.37%-0.44% na carbon, ƙasa da ƙarfe 45 kaɗan, tare da adadin Si da Mn iri ɗaya. Yana ɗauke da kashi 0.80%-1.10% na Cr. A aikace-aikacen da aka yi birgima da zafi, wannan abun ciki na 1% na Cr ba shi da tasiri, domin duka maki suna nuna irin wannan halayen injiniya. Ganin cewa 40Cr yana kashe kusan rabin ƙarfe 45, la'akari da tattalin arziki sau da yawa yakan haifar da amfani da ƙarfe 45 maimakon idan zai yiwu.

35CrMo: 35CrMo lambar takamaiman tsari ne na ƙarfe mai tsari na ƙarfe (ƙarfe mai kauri da aka tace), wanda ya yi daidai da ma'aunin Jamusanci 1.7220, ma'aunin Birtaniya 708A37, ma'aunin Faransa 35CD4, da sauransu, tare da bin ƙa'idar GB/T 3077-2015. Yana da daidai da carbon na 0.72%, ƙarancin walda yana buƙatar ma'aunin zafi kafin a fara dumama shi. Wannan ƙarfe yana nuna ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da tauri, tare da ƙarfin juriya ≥985MPa da ƙarfin samarwa ≥835MPa, yana iya jure yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci har zuwa 500℃. Ya dace da ƙera kayan aikin injiniya masu nauyi kamar akwatin gearbox, crankshafts, sandunan haɗawa, da sandunan turbine na tururi a cikin injinan birgima.

20CrMnTi: Karfe mai kauri wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin carbon na 0.17%-0.24%, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a masana'antar kera motoci don jigilar kaya. A matsayin ƙarfe mai matsakaicin tauri (Cr-Mn-Ti), yana nuna tauri sosai yayin da yake riƙe da ƙarfin tasirin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi. An ƙera shi musamman don tauri na carburization na saman, wannan ƙarfe yana nuna kyakkyawan injin aiki tare da ƙarancin nakasa da juriyar gajiya. Babban aikace-aikacensa sun haɗa da sassan shaft na ƙera, sassan piston, da kayan aiki na musamman don motoci da jiragen sama.

Tasirin kashewa: Taurin kai zai iya kaiwa 60 ~ 70 HRC, zurfin Layer mai tauri 0.3 ~ 2mm, abubuwan ƙarfe suna inganta taurin kai da juriyar tsatsa (kamar kayan aiki na 35CrMo bayan kashe ƙarfin gajiya ya ƙaru da 30%).

Lura: Yawan sinadarin da ke cikin ƙarfe na iya rage yawan shan laser, don haka ya zama dole a inganta yadda ake amfani da makamashi ta hanyar maganin baƙi (kamar phosphating da shafi).

3. Ƙarfe mai siminti (ƙarfe mai launin toka, ƙarfe mai siminti), kayan aiki na yau da kullun:

HT300: nau'in ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe mai launin toka, wanda aka aiwatar da ma'aunin ƙasa na GB 9439-88, sunansa "HT" yana wakiltar ƙarfe mai launin toka, "300" yana nuna cewa mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin taurin sandar gwaji mai diamita 30mm shine 300MPa.

QT600-3: QT600-3 ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da ƙarfi, matsakaicin ƙarfi da laushi, cikakken aiki, juriya ga lalacewa da damƙar girgiza, da kyawawan halayen tsarin jefa siminti. Yana iya canza halayensa ta hanyar maganin zafi daban-daban.

Tasirin kashewa: Taurin saman zai iya kaiwa 45 ~ 55 HRC, zurfin Layer mai tauri 0.1 ~ 0.8mm, kuma tsarin martensite + residual austenite yana samuwa a kusa da matakin graphite, wanda ke haɓaka ikon hana niƙa (misali, ƙimar gogayya na layin jagorar kayan aikin injin bayan kashewa yana raguwa da 20%).

II. Karafa marasa ƙarfe da ƙarfen da ke cikinsu (filayen amfani da su)

1. Gilashin titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, da sauransu)

Ana amfani da ƙarfen titanium wajen haɗa ƙarfe iri-iri da aka yi da titanium da sauran ƙarfe. Titanium wani muhimmin ƙarfe ne da aka ƙera a shekarun 1950, ƙarfin ƙarfen titanium, juriyar tsatsa, da kuma juriyar zafi mai yawa.

Halayen taurare: Dumamawar laser tana haɓaka samuwar martensite mai cike da ruwa a saman, kuma ana ƙara taurin daga 300 HV zuwa 500 ~ 600 HV, yayin da ake kiyaye tauri mai kyau (ya dace da ƙarfafa ruwan injin-aero).

  Matsalar fasaha: Titanium alloy yana da ƙarfin haske mai yawa na laser (kimanin kashi 70%), don haka yakamata a yi amfani da shi kafin a fara amfani da shi (kamar amfani da yashi) ko kuma hasken ultraviolet (tsawon raƙuman ruwa 355nm, hasken da bai kai kashi 30%) ba.

2. Alloy na aluminum (jerin 2xxx, jerin 7xxx)

Wannan kayan ƙarfe ne da aka yi da aluminum wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin abubuwa kamar jan ƙarfe, silicon, magnesium, zinc, da manganese. Ta hanyar daidaita rabon abubuwa, yana samar da jerin 1XXX zuwa 8XXX wanda ya shafi ƙarfe mai tsabta na aluminum da aluminum-tagulla na masana'antu. Tsarin lambar jiharsa ya dogara ne akan yanayi guda biyar masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka haɗa da F (injin kyauta) da O (annealing), tare da cikakkun lambobi kamar T6 waɗanda ke ba da damar sarrafa ƙarfi da juriya ga tsatsa.

Tsarin kashe wuta: Ana samun ƙarfin ƙarfin maganin ta hanyar dumama laser cikin sauri, kuma matakin da aka samu daga metastable yana samuwa bayan sanyaya kansa (misali, taurin ƙarfen aluminum 7075 yana ƙaruwa daga 150 HV zuwa 220 HV bayan an kashe shi).

Iyakokin aikace-aikace: Gilashin aluminum yana da ƙarfin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (ƙarfin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi shine kusan 200 W/m K), ana buƙatar laser mai ƙarfi (≥2 kW) don tabbatar da ingancin dumama, kuma yana da sauƙin samar da nakasar damuwa ta zafi.

3. Gwangwanin ƙarfe (tagulla, tagulla)

Wannan ƙarfe ne da aka yi da jan ƙarfe mai tsabta tare da ƙarin abubuwa ɗaya ko fiye. Aikace-aikace: Taurare saman abubuwan da ke jure lalacewa (misali, bearings, bawuloli). Bayan kashe laser, saman yana samar da tsarin nanocrystalline, yana ƙara tauri da kashi 15% zuwa 30%. Duk da haka, dole ne a sarrafa zafin jiki don hana laushin matrix na jan ƙarfe.

III. Kayan Aiki na Musamman

1. Kayan Aikin Ƙarfe na Foda (misali, kayan aikin ƙarfe da na jan ƙarfe da aka yi da foda) Fa'idodi: Tsarin ramin zai iya adana mai mai shafawa, tare da saman yana ƙaruwa bayan an kashe laser. Taurin yana ƙaruwa daga 20-30 HRC zuwa 50-55 HRC, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da bearings masu shafawa kai tsaye.

2. Kayan Rufin Sama (misali, murfin feshi na zafi da yadudduka na rufi) Amfani na yau da kullun: Bayan an kashe murfin WC-Co da laser da aka fesa a saman ƙarfe na carbon, an samar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa na "martensite matrix + simintin carbide", wanda ya kai tauri fiye da 1000 HV. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan a cikin kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai waɗanda ke jure lalacewa.

IV. Kayan da ba su dace da kashe laser ba

Ƙaramin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon (ƙarin carbon Saboda rashin isasshen sinadarin carbon, sauyin martensitic ba shi da yawa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin taurarewa (ƙaruwar taurin

Tsarkakken bakin ƙarfe mai siffar austenitic (misali, 316L): Ba shi da ƙarfin canza yanayin martensitic. Dumama laser yana haifar da taurarewar aiki ne kawai tare da ƙarancin tauri (kimanin 15% -20%).